航天返回艙的著陸過(guò)程是一個(gè)復(fù)雜而精密的過(guò)程，以下是其中幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵步驟。

The landing process of the space return capsule is a complex and precise process, and the following are several key steps.

一、調(diào)姿分離關(guān)

1、 Attitude adjustment separation off

首先，返回艙會(huì)從運(yùn)行姿態(tài)調(diào)整到返回姿態(tài)，這包括讓軌道艙與返回艙-推進(jìn)艙組合體分離，返回艙與推進(jìn)艙分離。這一步驟是為了確保返回艙的穩(wěn)定性和后續(xù)制動(dòng)減速的順利進(jìn)行。

Firstly, the return module will adjust from the operating attitude to the return attitude, which includes separating the orbital module from the return module propulsion module assembly, and separating the return module from the propulsion module. This step is to ensure the stability of the return cabin and the smooth progress of subsequent braking and deceleration.

二、制動(dòng)減速關(guān)

2、 Brake deceleration off

在這一階段，飛船需要降低飛行速度，改變飛行方向，使其脫離原來(lái)的飛行軌道，進(jìn)入下降飛行的軌道。這是通過(guò)開(kāi)動(dòng)推進(jìn)艙的火箭發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)生制動(dòng)來(lái)降低飛船的速度。

At this stage, the spacecraft needs to reduce its flight speed, change its flight direction, and detach from its original flight orbit to enter a descending orbit. This is achieved by activating the rocket engine in the propulsion module to generate braking and reduce the speed of the spacecraft.

三、繞地球飛行和姿態(tài)調(diào)整

3、 Orbiting the Earth and Adjusting Attitudes

在制動(dòng)減速完成后，返回艙需要繞地球飛行五圈，歷時(shí)7.5個(gè)小時(shí)。在繞地球飛行至最后一圈時(shí)，飛船需要經(jīng)過(guò)兩次調(diào)整姿態(tài)，在調(diào)整姿態(tài)完成以后，開(kāi)始進(jìn)行返回制動(dòng)，進(jìn)入半彈道式返回軌道。

After the braking deceleration is completed, the return capsule needs to fly around the Earth five times, lasting 7.5 hours. When flying around the Earth to the last lap, the spacecraft needs to undergo two attitude adjustments. After the attitude adjustments are completed, it begins to apply return braking and enters a semi ballistic return orbit.

四、進(jìn)入大氣層和黑障

4、 Entering the atmosphere and black barriers

在高度145公里時(shí)，推進(jìn)艙與返回艙分離，推進(jìn)艙進(jìn)入大氣層燒毀，返回艙則需要進(jìn)行姿態(tài)調(diào)整，準(zhǔn)備再入大氣層。這個(gè)過(guò)程中，飛船會(huì)在大氣層內(nèi)部高速飛行，產(chǎn)生高溫，使得周?chē)镔|(zhì)變成等離子體，等離子體影響信號(hào)傳輸，因此，返回艙與外界的聯(lián)絡(luò)會(huì)中斷4至7分鐘。

At an altitude of 145 kilometers, the propulsion module and the return module separate, causing the propulsion module to enter the atmosphere and burn out. The return module then needs to undergo attitude adjustment in preparation for re-entry. During this process, the spacecraft will fly at high speed inside the atmosphere, generating high temperatures that turn surrounding materials into plasma, which affects signal transmission. Therefore, communication between the return module and the outside world will be interrupted for 4 to 7 minutes.

五、開(kāi)降落傘和著陸

5、 Parachute deployment and landing

在距離地面10公里時(shí)開(kāi)降落傘，降落傘有引導(dǎo)傘、減速傘、主降落傘，需要依照次序進(jìn)行釋放，直至飛船速度降至5-6米每秒。在距地面6公里時(shí)，排出多余燃料，航天員座椅高度提升。最終在距離地面1米處，返回艙反推火箭點(diǎn)火，進(jìn)一步降低速度，實(shí)現(xiàn)軟著陸。

Launch a parachute at a distance of 10 kilometers from the ground. The parachute includes a guide parachute, a deceleration parachute, and a main parachute, which need to be released in sequence until the spacecraft's speed drops to 5-6 meters per second. At a distance of 6 kilometers from the ground, excess fuel was discharged and the astronaut's seat height was raised. Finally, at a distance of 1 meter from the ground, the return capsule launched a reverse thrust rocket to further reduce speed and achieve a soft landing.

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