模型設計

model design 

設計是模型制作的基礎，設計部門根據客戶提供的、數據、樣板等資料開展設計方案，按照材質結構、工件排位等要求使用電腦工程制圖軟件進行設計。

Design is the foundation of model making. The design department develops design plans based on customer provided data, samples, and other materials. They use computer engineering drawing software to design according to material structure, workpiece positioning, and other requirements.

設計可不僅僅只是畫圖這么簡單

Design is not just about drawing

模型在設計時就要考慮后續工藝、運輸、組裝、安裝甚至展示的問題，根據機身、機翼、平尾和垂尾、起落架等進行分解，包括內部龍骨的排列布局和安裝結構件，在電腦上完成拆分后對模型進行組裝調整和改進設計，以此保證后期階段的順利執行。

When designing a model, it is necessary to consider issues related to subsequent processes, transportation, assembly, installation, and even display. The model should be decomposed based on the fuselage, wings, flat and vertical tails, landing gear, etc., including the arrangement and layout of internal keels and installation of structural components. After the disassembly is completed on the computer, the model should be assembled, adjusted, and improved to ensure smooth execution in the later stage.

亮相珠海航展的殲31模型

The J-31 model made its debut at the Zhuhai Airshow

以多次參展的1:2殲31模型為例，當時的設計方案便是將飛機模型分為八個部分，分別制作再組裝成型。

Taking the 1:2 J-31 model, which has been exhibited multiple times, as an example, the design plan at that time was to divide the aircraft model into eight parts, make them separately, and then assemble them into shape.

設計一般只針對外形進行設計，根據客戶需求，有些需要進行內飾解剖。特爾博為中國商飛承制的C919、C929和ARJ等客機模型都屬于此例。

Design generally only focuses on the exterior, and some require interior dissection based on customer needs. The C919, C929, and ARJ aircraft models manufactured by Terbo for COMAC belong to this example.

數控加工

CNC machining

設計建模后，模具部根據模型機身主體、機翼、座艙蓋等分別進行數控加工，一般選用木質材料并將其作為陽模或其他方式開模具的樣板。

After designing and modeling, the mold department performs CNC machining on the main body of the model, wings, cockpit covers, etc. Generally, wooden materials are selected and used as templates for male molds or other mold making methods.

起源于航空工業需要的數控技術，能夠保證質量穩定，精度準確，適應飛行器的要求，用在仿真模型制造行業，則能夠保證數據精準，高度還原。

Originating from the CNC technology required by the aviation industry, it can ensure stable quality, accurate accuracy, and meet the requirements of aircraft. When used in the simulation model manufacturing industry, it can ensure accurate data and high degree of restoration.

但有些廠家為節省時間和成本，在木模制作完成后直接敷設玻璃鋼復合材料，進入外形殼體階段，這樣制作的產品會大大降低模型的外形精準度和光潔度。

But some manufacturers, in order to save time and cost, directly lay fiberglass composite materials after the wooden mold is made, and enter the outer shell stage. This will greatly reduce the accuracy and smoothness of the model's appearance.

拼裝修正

Assembly correction

數控加工后的各個部件進行打磨和拼裝檢查，以保證木模外形準確，制作好的木模（通常稱為“模種”）噴上底灰，供客戶確認外形和功能結構，再綜合各方意見對模具進行修正，直到客戶滿意，才能投入下一環節。

After CNC machining, various components are polished and assembled for inspection to ensure the accurate shape of the wooden mold. The finished wooden mold (usually referred to as the "mold type") is sprayed with bottom ash for customer confirmation of the shape and functional structure. The mold is then modified based on opinions from all parties until the customer is satisfied before being put into the next stage.

陰模制作

Yin mold production

制作過程中，如模型體積較大，需要利用分塊方式進行工程分模，分別對機身主體、機翼、垂尾等進行制作，按照受力需要進行鋼筋加固等操作。

During the production process, if the model has a large volume, it is necessary to use a block method for engineering mold division. The main body of the aircraft, wings, vertical tails, etc. should be made separately, and steel reinforcement and other operations should be carried out according to the force requirements.

外殼成形

Shell forming

根據模型的受力分析和載荷等計算，選用高強度、抗腐蝕的玻璃纖維材料進行合理方向鋪設，確保后產品不開裂。

Based on the force analysis and load calculation of the model, high-strength and corrosion-resistant fiberglass materials are selected for reasonable direction laying to ensure that the subsequent product does not crack.

有邊緣敷設專利，粘接配方經過高低溫測試，一般按照客戶需求和實際情況在內部鋪設3—6層玻璃鋼纖維，以保證產品的硬度和強度。但一些廠家為降低成本，在此環節采用編制材料，這樣制作的模型無法經過高低溫檢測，更無法保證產品的安全。

There is a patent for edge laying, and the adhesive formula has undergone high and low temperature testing. Generally, 3-6 layers of fiberglass are laid inside according to customer needs and actual situations to ensure the hardness and strength of the product. But some manufacturers, in order to reduce costs, use weaving materials at this stage, so the models produced cannot undergo high and low temperature testing, let alone ensure the safety of the products.

組裝打磨

Assembly and polishing

組裝

assemble

模型部件完成后，通過對機身主體進行骨架校準來確定平衡位置，以便安裝支撐點，此時用支架托起機身，分別組裝機翼、平尾和垂尾、座艙、起落架等部件，與機身對接，并調整接縫。

After the completion of the model components, the balance position is determined by calibrating the skeleton of the main body of the fuselage for installation of support points. At this time, the fuselage is supported by brackets, and components such as wings, flat and vertical tails, cockpit, and landing gear are assembled separately, docked with the fuselage, and the joints are adjusted.

在模型生產中，接口縫隙不可避免，但根據標準要求，縫隙要考慮大小適中、均勻、對稱等問題，符合既美觀又便于安裝、拆卸的要求。

In model production, interface gaps are inevitable, but according to standard requirements, gaps should consider issues such as moderate size, uniformity, symmetry, etc., in order to meet the requirements of both aesthetics and ease of installation and disassembly.

一般而言，高精度模型的縫隙標準要達到1~4m模型≦±1.5mm，1米以下≦±1mm，4m以上模型≦±3mm。

Generally speaking, the gap standard for high-precision models should reach 1-4m, ≤ ± 1.5mm for models below 1m, ≤ ± 1mm for models above 4m, and ≤ ± 3mm for models above 4m.

打磨

Polishing

通過特殊工具對模型進行整體打磨、修正等細節完善，有些零部件較為繁瑣，前前后后需要歷經多道工序。

By using special tools to polish and correct the model as a whole, the details are improved. Some components are relatively cumbersome and require multiple processes from beginning to end.

涂裝上色

Painting and coloring

噴漆

Painting

通過色卡進行調色配色，確保與色卡無明顯色差后（吻合率達98%以上），先整體噴涂一層面漆，而后進行封邊，再噴涂其他顏色，為避免影響模型美觀，杜絕后續手補油漆。

By using a color chart for color matching, ensure that there is no significant color difference with the color chart (with a matching rate of over 98%), first spray a layer of topcoat as a whole, then seal the edges, and then spray other colors. To avoid affecting the appearance of the model and prevent subsequent manual painting.

漆料的選擇也是一道學問，不僅要符合環保無毒的要求，考慮到一些露天展覽的需要，應選擇防水防曬油漆，并經過高溫烤漆和靜電噴涂的工序，來保證模型永久光澤鮮亮。

The selection of paint materials is also a discipline. It should not only meet the requirements of environmental protection and non-toxic, but also take into account the needs of some outdoor exhibitions. Waterproof and sunscreen paint should be selected, and high-temperature baking and electrostatic spraying processes should be carried out to ensure that the model has a permanent and bright luster.

水紙

Water paper

水紙粘貼要求也很專業，不僅要筆直、無翹邊翹角，對稱部位水紙要做到對稱，圖案無誤，位置誤差應小于1—2毫米。

The requirements for water paper pasting are also very professional. Not only should it be straight, without any curled edges or corners, but the symmetrical parts of the water paper should be symmetrical, the pattern should be correct, and the position error should be less than 1-2 millimeters.

成品檢驗

Finished product inspection

根據客戶需求和公司內部制定的大模型標準，從材料到表面光潔度，按照展覽精品、普通科普等多種標準，對模型功能進行逐一檢測，每個功能經過20-50次以上連續測試，若無故障才視為通過。

According to customer needs and internal company standards for large models, from materials to surface smoothness, various standards such as exhibition boutiques and general science popularization are used to test the functions of the models one by one. Each function undergoes continuous testing for 20-50 times or more, and is considered to have passed if there are no faults.

光潔度檢測

Smoothness testing

對模型進行檢驗測試，以目測為主，輔以強光多角度檢查，高精品展覽模型的要求是在1000瓦強光照射下無波浪紋，普通科普模型要求是在500瓦強光照射下無波浪紋。

Conduct inspection and testing on the model, with visual inspection as the main method, supplemented by multi angle inspection under strong light. The requirement for high-quality exhibition models is to have no wave marks under 1000 watts of strong light irradiation, while the requirement for ordinary science popularization models is to have no wave marks under 500 watts of strong light irradiation.

平整度檢測

evenness inspection 

保證產品表面無空洞氣泡、無收縮變形，檢測以硬質器物如鐵棒，敲打產品表面棱角處，整體表面用平板尺檢測，誤差應≦0.5mm，不能出現凹痕、波浪、螺釘帽痕，針眼大小的砂眼等。

Ensure that the surface of the product is free of voids, bubbles, and shrinkage deformation. Use hard objects such as iron bars to tap the edges and corners of the product surface, and use a flat ruler to test the overall surface. The error should be ≤ 0.5mm, and there should be no dents, waves, screw cap marks, needle hole sized sand holes, etc.

包裝出貨

Packaging and shipping

經過前面工序精心制作出來的模型，在經過產品檢測后，需安置在專門的運輸箱內，針對每款模型定制木板進行卡位固定，在木板與模型交界處包裹泡沫紙等材料，防止模型在運輸途中損壞。

The models carefully made in the previous process need to be placed in a special transport box after product testing. Customized boards for each model need to be clamped, and foam paper and other materials are wrapped at the junction of the board and the model to prevent the model from being damaged during transportation.

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